Relationship Between Body and Consciousness by Jean

Relationship Between Body and Consciousness by Jean Introduction According to Jean-Paul Sartre, understanding of the body is obscured by many factors. Moreover, its relation to consciousness is masked. In addition, its problems are concealed. He argues that this is attributed to the complexities surrounding consciousness. For instance, the body has laws that govern it.Advertising We will write a custom book review sample on Relationship Between Body and Consciousness by Jean-Paul Sartre specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Moreover, it is observable as matter. Furthermore, the body can be defined from the outside. However, this is not the same as with consciousness. Consciousness is reached by peculiar intuitions, which are inside the body. This complicates its understanding since one has to relate it to the body organs. Sartre claims that after internal intuitions, one can then unite consciousness to the various body organs for action. Therefore, Sartre tries to define the relationship be tween body and consciousness. In addition, he tries to explore the problems of the body. This paper will review Sartre’s theories on the body as well as its relation to consciousness. The Body Jean-Paul argues that consciousness is quite complex to understand. However, he finds it quite easy to cognize the body. Interestingly, once consciousness has been achieved, then its unity to the various body organs such as the nervous system becomes increasingly complex to analyze. However, he argues that the difficulties arise from trying to connect one’s conscience with other people’s bodies. Interestingly, he notes that no one has ever seen or will ever see his/her brain. That is, people look to others for explanation about their bodies. In that sense, he sees one’s body organs as his/her property than as his/her being. Through this, he notes that observable body organs such as the eye, the legs, and the ears, among others can only be seen in a single perception , which does not involve itself.Advertising Looking for book review on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In essence, Sartre argues that people see their organs as the other in relation to themselves because they cannot comprehend how they function to communicate sense. Therefore, he claims that people deal with different orders of reality. In this regard, he rejects the notion of double sensation because these two orders of reality are in incommunicable levels. In essence, he claims that the orders of reality are radically distinct. Sartre also agrees with other theorists that the discovery of the body as being is real. However, he claims that the body is indeed a being for others. On this, he argues that people usually link their consciousness of objects on the body of others. Sartre gives an example of an inverted image seen from the lens to show that conscience can refuse to be bound by the laws of objec ts so that it conveys an upright image. In this regard, he posits that it is only possible to reflect on the nature of the body by first establishing the order of reflection. This should conform to the order of being which states that people cannot keep confusing the levels of ontology. Moreover, they must first look at the body as being-for-itself then as being-for-others. In addition, he argues that the two orders of the body are in both incommunicable and different levels so that they cannot be unified. In this regard, he continues that being-for-itself has to be wholly consciousness and wholly body. Moreover, it should be noted that the two (consciousness and body) cannot be unified. Similarly, he posits that being-for-others should also be wholly body and the body wholly psychic.Advertising We will write a custom book review sample on Relationship Between Body and Consciousness by Jean-Paul Sartre specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Being-for-itself: Facticity From the discussion above, Sartre rejects Descartes’s theory that knowing the soul is easy as compared to knowing the body. In essence, it rejects the observations in the â€Å"Cartesian cogito.† Sartre argues that the facts of the body are completely different from the facts of thought. To prove this, he says that facts of the body are accessible through divide providence while facts of thought can be accessed through reflection. That is, the facts of consciousness manifest in signs, which drives the body out of conscience. This makes it difficult to reunite the two since the body has become a body-of-others. He commends the idea that idealism was right in positing that the world is made out of relation. However, he believes that idealism is not entirely true because it was taken from Newtonian science, which conceived relation from another relation known as relation of reciprocity. That is, idealism succeeded only in making the point of absolute objectivity. Moreover, Absolute objectivity made it possible for the world to exist without people thereby nullifying its effect. He therefore claims that the body is in the order of for-itself. In this regard, the body must be defined with the world. He therefore concludes that the body is one’s motivation without being its foundation. Sartre agrees with Plato on the fact that the body individualizes one’s soul. However, he does not agree with some theorists that it was made because of a demiurge. Moreover, he faults Plato in his belief that soul can be separated from the body at death. That is, he believes that one’s soul cannot detach itself from individualization because soul is the body as far as Sartre is concerned. To prove this, he gives an example of a sense, which he believes cannot be given before or after the sensible object.Advertising Looking for book review on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More He also commends Bachelard for reproaching phenomenology for inadequacy in coefficient of adversity. However, he faults him partly on the fact that instrumentality is primary. Moreover, he claims that one’s body extends through the tool that it utilizes. In this regard, he joins action and sensation as one. Moreover, he states that the body is a conscious structure of its own consciousness. Sartre believes that body organs give the body as it is acted upon as opposed to giving as it acts. Since he believes that the appearance of the body is not capable of giving rise to new complications, he concludes by stating that the body is one’s facticity of being. Moreover, since on one aspect the body appears as being for itself, on the other aspect it appears as an object, which is visible in one’s body organs. This shows that in accordance with the former level, the body has no physiology but on the latter level, it has physiology due to the presence of organs. In esse nce, Jean-Paul Sartre believes that the body is being-for-itself as well as being an object. In accordance with the former, he claims that the body has several aspects while one lives. One of the aspects includes consciousness, in which he considers the body as being a matter being-for-itself. The second aspect is perception. In this regard, he argues that when people perceive other bodies, they do so in a special manner. This kind of perception is completely different from the perceptions of lifeless things. Thirdly, Sartre believes that one can perceive his/her own body under particular circumstances. One therefore sees himself/herself as an object even without involvement of other people (being-in-itself). He utilizes numerous examples and arguments from theorists such as Plato, and Bachelard, among others to prove his arguments. Moreover, he draws information from many sources with an in depth analysis of information for the audience. It can be said the Sartre tries to define th e body and consciousness. Moreover, he tries to relate them with a view to establishing a common description and cognition of both. This is quite difficult considering the complexities involved. However, it should be noted that he rightly rejects theories that suggest that understanding the soul is easy as compared to understanding the body. Conclusion Jean-Paul Sartre tries to define the human body. He also tries to define consciousness. In both cases, he agrees that human body can be defined in different levels. For instance, he defines it as a being-for-itself and as an object. In the process, he disputes many theories including those posited by Plato, Descartes, and Bachelard, among others. However, it is important to note that he does not dispute their theories entirely but borrows from them to support his theories. Nonetheless, his understanding of the body and soul is quite apprehensive given that he rejects almost all theories posited by others. Moreover, he claims that oneà ¢â‚¬â„¢s soul cannot be detached from his/her body even in death. This brings controversies especially with religious people who believe in the separation of soul from body as well as in their distinctiveness. In addition, his arguments are largely theoretical as well as philosophical. This makes it difficult to defend his theories.

The Fullest Essay Rubric for Writing an Impressive Paper for Your English Course

The Fullest Essay Rubric for Writing an Impressive Paper for Your English Course The Fullest Essay Rubric for Writing an Impressive Paper for Your English Course While everybody tells you that grades are not the most important things in your student life, you still get very happy when your efforts are evaluated with an â€Å"A†, and very upset when your professor thinks you deserve a â€Å"C† or something lower. That’s why before your points are announced, you always hope for the better outcome (even if you haven’t done anything for it, except for watching a few Netflix episodes). However, it’s a real buster when you spend a great deal of time and effort, and still get downgraded for some minor mistakes and inconsistencies. But we are here to change this situation, at least when it comes to essay production. Academic writing is a peculiar discipline where the knowledge of rules, techniques and core fundamentals play pretty much the same role as your talent. It is not enough here just to tell a great story – it is important to make it relevant and create a proper structure, and these factors will be evaluated even more meticulously than the actual plot. That’s why this time in our essay rubric we’ve created a table with the most essential criteria the professors take into account while evaluating your writing. If you always consider them while producing an essay, you will constantly get more than a â€Å"B†. So, go and explore it backward and forward! Criteria /Assessment A B C D F Grade Percentage Research Question The question is stated in the intro and conclusion, and is answered in the essay. The question is stated in the intro and conclusion, and is partly answered in the essay. The question is not stated neither in the intro nor in the conclusion, but is answered in the essay. The question is not stated neither in the intro nor in the conclusion, but is partly answered in the essay. The question is not stated neither in the intro nor in the conclusion, and is not answered in the essay. 15% Relevance The content of the essay is fully relevant to the topic; all the information bits are used to answer the research question. The content of the essay is fully relevant to the topic; the majority of information bits are used to answer the research question. The content of the essay is partly relevant to the topic; some information bits are used to answer the research question. The content of the essay is slightly relevant to the topic; few information bits are used to answer the research question. The content of the essay is NOT relevant to the topic; none of the information bits are used to answer the research question. 15% Introduction It is engaging, contains a research question together with a concise and clear thesis statement. It is more or less engaging, contains a research question together with a generalized thesis statement. It is not engaging, the research question and thesis statement are vague. It is not engaging, doesn’t have a research question, but there is a generalized thesis statement. It is not engaging, doesn’t have a research question or thesis statement. 5% Research Quality The research has been well planned, its results answer the main question and the sufficient number of sources were consulted. The research answers the question, though seems chaotic; the sufficient number of sources were consulted. The research answers the question, but is very chaotic; a few sources were consulted, though not enough. The research partly answers the main question, it is not planned and a few sources were consulted, though not enough. The research doesn’t answer the question, is very chaotic and not enough sources were consulted. 15% Reasoned Argument All the arguments are perfectly logical, clear and coherent. The majority of arguments are logical, clear and coherent. Some arguments are logical, clear and coherent. The majority of arguments are irrational, vague and incohesive. All the arguments are irrational, vague and incohesive. 10% Argument Support Each point is supported with solid evidence. The majority of points are supported with solid evidence. Some points are supported with solid evidence. A few points are supported with solid evidence. All the points are NOT supported and look weak. 10% Conclusion It has a restated research question with the thesis statement, summarizes all the points of the essay and adds some prospects for the further research. It has a restated research question with the thesis statement, summarizes all the points of the essay. It just repeats the thesis statement, and enumerates the points mentioned in the essay. It doesn’t mention the research question or thesis statement, but summarizes the points. It is not relevant to the research question, thesis statement or essay’s body whatsoever. 5% References Quality All the sources are relevant, up-to-date and reliable. The majority of the sources are relevant, up-to-date and reliable. Some of the sources are taken from online no-name articles, but the rest is reliable. The majority of the sources are not reliable, outdated or irrelevant. All the sources are untrustworthy, outdated or irrelevant. 10% Structure The essay has a clear cut structure (intro, main body, conclusion) together with a standard paragraph skeleton (topic sentence, proof, transition). Some elements of the essay structure (intro, main body, conclusion) or paragraph skeleton (topic sentence, proof, transition) are missing, but the majority is there. There is not enough gradual transition between paragraphs; the structure misses one/two core elements. There is not enough gradual transition between paragraphs; the structure misses the majority of core elements. There is no gradual transition; there is no structure in the essay. 15% Print this table and hang it on the wall beside your studying place – every time you’ll write a custom essay it will help you to include all the significant elements and polish your writing to the maximum. Even if you don’t manage to follow all the criteria for the â€Å"A† grade, you will 100% improve your piece because you will aim for the best score. We wish you good luck with that!

Microbiology Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Microbiology Report - Essay Example Retail beef has lead to disastrous outbreaks of shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli in Europe. Shiga toxin Escherichia coli is the leading cause of hemorrhagic colitis and this usually progresses to the fatal hemolytic uremic syndrome. Contamination of meat by shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli occurs during the skinning process. Poultry is susceptible to Campylobacter contamination. Other common microbial contaminants found in meat products as revealed by surveillance studies in retail outlets are Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella, Moraxella, Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, Clostridium and Staphylococcus. These micro-organisms have virulence factors that contribute to pathogenicity in the human host and they include toxins, adhesins etc. Microorganisms such as Moraxella, Acinetobacter, and Pseudomonas lead to food spoilage via gas production, putrefaction and souring. Aside bacteria, fungi that lead to food spoilage and pathogenicity include molds in the following genera: Alternaria, Mucor and Cladosporium. Strict hygiene must be upheld in retail butcheries in order to eliminate microbial contamination (Montville, 2008). The Food Standards Agency in the United Kingdom provides for safety regulations in food retail outlets such as butcheries. They include directives on cross-contamination, cleaning, chilling, cooking and preparation. The various regulations that address food contamination caused by bacteria and other microorganisms are found in a legislative act i.e. The microbiological criteria regulation 2073/2005. It contains rules and regulations for all food business operators and is in agreement with the standards set by the European Union (EU). The implementation of general and specific hygiene measures is stipulated in article 2 of 2073/2005 and this is very relevant to meat production and selling (Moss & Adams, 2008). With respect to the aforementioned legislation, the latest applicable legislation in the United Kingdom was effected in the year 2006 and this legislation requires that for any person or firm to conduct any retail meat business, they must have a food management system that is documented. The document should strictly adhere to the principles outlined about hazard analysis of critical control point. The various areas that these guidelines are set to address is on carcass and carcass testing, handling and also processing as well as packaging of the meat and meat products to ensure that they are safe for human consumption devoid of any microorganism that can cause food poisoning (Moss & Adams, 2008). The management system required by the law is meant to ensure that the meat seller have the correct policies and procedures, that the employees have the correct training, equipment and also ensure that the firm/ meat dealer upholds and keeps records that can be used in future to help solve cases of food poisoning or help the government make some analysis about a certain concern. The visit to the butchery helped us come up with several observations on compliance with the set legislation. Most important all meat products were well labeled and the origin of the meat and preparation was well indicated. All standard operating procedures on cleaning and food hygiene were also adhered to. The manager explained the process of capacity building and the continuous training of personnel on food safety regulations. . The personnel working there are highly trained and

The Impact of Education On Social Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

The Impact of Education On Social Change - Essay Example We are living in a mysterious world in which we do not know much. In fact what we know so far is negligible when we consider what we do not know yet. Even then it is better to know more about the knowledge which is revealed to the world because of the efforts of eminent scholars and scientists. Education is the only way to achieve knowledge about the unknown world. Knowing more about a particular thing will help a person to fine tune his personality and attitude. For example, earlier we thought that the diseases were the curses of God. Later we identified that the diseases were caused by some germs or viruses and this knowledge helped us to find out medicines suitable to kill these germs or viruses. In other words, our attitude towards diseases has been changed a lot because of the advancements in medical science. In short, education helps us to change our established perceptions and attitudes or it helps us to polish our knowledge. â€Å"The traditional education was meant for an u nchanging static society not marked by any change. But today education aims at imparting knowledge. Education was associated with religion†(Education and Social Change, 2010). Religions and religious beliefs influence the education process very much. A child is entering this world, not as a free person, but as a person born in a particular region. In other words, religious beliefs are the first knowledge a child is getting in his/her life. All other streams of knowledge came only at the secondary place. Most of the new scientific knowledge entering this world has questioned some of the established beliefs or teachings of the religions and hence many of the religions are not much keen in encouraging education. However, it is difficult for the religions... This report stresses that modern management principles were implemented in the Bangladeshi educational system in order to manage the educational process more effectively. Educational system has been perceived as an organization at present and at each level, different educational managers are managing the educational functions. Another major reformation process undertaken in the Bangladeshi educational system was the training and development of teachers. Bangladesh has realized that only the development of teachers is important in the development of educational system in Bangladesh. Knowledge is bursting from all the corners rapidly at present and the teachers should have their knowledge updated in order to excel in their profession. The above awareness motivated Bangladesh to implement a comprehensive teacher training and development program. Bangladeshi educational curriculum was outdated earlier. This essay makes a conclusion that Islamic community at some parts of the world is witnessing tremendous advancements in the educational sector. India and Bangladesh are two best examples, in which the Islamic community have developed a lot as a result of the educational modernization and reformation happened in the Islamic institutions and educational systems in these countries. Based on these changes in the educational sector, Islamic societies in these countries were also undergone drastic reformation process. The outlooks of Muslims in these countries are entirely different from that of some other fundamental Muslim societies in the world.

The U.S. Foreign Policy during the Cold War Essay Example for Free

The U.S. Foreign Policy during the Cold War Essay It is true that foreign strategy of the United States during the Cold War (1947-1989) is called containment. This policy can be described as the efforts to stop global political movement toward communist and socialist ideology (the ideology of the Soviet Union) and promote political popularity of democratic ideas dominating in Europe and the United States. That is how it was supposed to create a certain political isolation of the Soviet Union, which would sooner or later bring to a number of various problems, such as political decadence, economic stagnation and so on. In other words, containment was a policy directed on gradual weakening and declining the power of the Soviet Union by preventing the expansion of communist beliefs around the world and defending the ideas of democracy and opened economy. The strategy of containment was created and proposed by George Frost Kennan, an American politician and diplomat, known as â€Å"the father of containment†, who worked in 1944-1946 as a head of American mission to the Soviet Union and was an excellent specialist in understanding the relations between Washington and Moscow. Having sent his historical â€Å"long telegram† Kennan warned the administration of Truman about possible dangers of messing with Soviet political powers. Besides, later on he publicized his ideas about the necessity to follow the policy of containment in Foreign Affairs magazine, where he stated: â€Å"†¦the main element of any United States policy toward the Soviet Union †¦ must be that of a long-term, patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies† and ideology taught them [Soviets] that it was their duty eventually to overthrow the political forces beyond their borders. (U. S. Department of State, n. d. ). Kennan also argued that Soviet Russia was an antagonistic and closed-minded society, driven by a great obsession to dominate combined with a huge political insecurity. That is why, he thought, only a determined and resolute reaction of the United States would be the best solution to frustrate the ambitions of Soviet authorities and eventually bring the power of American ideological ally to a standstill. These ideas of Kennan received a lot of warm support in American administrative circles and became the main postulates of famous Marshall Plan on reformation. Therefore, Kennan’s call for containment had a tremendous impact on American policy-makers and â€Å"†¦inspired the hardheaded power politics that shaped the Cold War† (Holbrook, 2005). The controversy of this policy arose around the issue of the limits of containment, because it was crucial not to lose the control of the situation and peripheral interests of the U. S. That is why in 1950 a detailed plan, stipulating the stages and activities of the United States in the framework of the Cold War was issued by National Security Council as a document called NSC-68. Anyway, the strategy of containment was a great success in the long run, and it became one of the most far-seeing and prudential political moves in modern history, because any aggression from one of the sides in this â€Å"peaceful competition† called the Cold War would spark a serious conflict and possibly bring to global bloody outcomes. George F. Kennan himself in his interview to CNN analysts commented on the effectiveness of the containment policy as the following: â€Å"†¦the alternative was to have a great military conflagration and I could see no good coming out of this† (CNN, n. d. ) Certainly, not every American politician was supporting the policy of containment and there were some, who insisted on more determined activities of the U. S. directed against communist ideology expansion. In particular, John Foster Dulles, the 52nd Secretary of the State, was promoting the ideas of liberation of Western European countries. Nevertheless, the strategy of containment which â€Å".. helped to define the issues and values dividing America and Russia†, was a well-considered political step, which eventually contributed to collapse of communist ideology in Western Europe (UXL Encyclopedia, 2005). References Cornwell, R. (2005, March 19) Obituary: George Kennan. The Independent. 58 (893), 6. George F. Kennan. (2005). UXL Encyclopedia of World Biography. Ed. 1. Farmington Hills, MI: UXL (Gale). George F. Kennan, U. S. Embassy, Moscow. (n. d. ). CNN. A CNN Perspectives Series. Retrieved December 19, 2007, from http://www. cnn. com/SPECIALS/cold. war/episodes/01/interviews/kennan/. Holbrooke, R. (2005, March 21). The Paradox of George F. Kennan. The Washington Post. The Washington Post Company. Retrieved December 19, 2007, from the World Wide Web: http://www. washingtonpost. com/wp-dyn/articles/A52533-2005Mar20. html. Kennan and Containment. (n. d. ). U. S. Department of State. Retrieved December 19, 2007, from the World Wide Web: http://www. state. gov/r/pa/ho/time/cwr/17601. htm.

The American Dream: A Can of Coke and a Lexus :: Argumentative Argument Media Papers

The American Dream: A Can of Coke and a Lexus Following the crowd in 2001 is the American way. Our lives have been infected with directions on who, how, and what we should be and do. Every day our televisions blare out talk shows, sitcoms, and soap operas to stagnate our minds. Our radios scream obscenities and false hopes with a beat that permeates our thoughts. Magazines, newspapers, billboards, televisions, and radios continually tell us what we need and want. Fashion dictates the way we dress, what styles we wear, and even the food we eat. We must follow rigid exercise routines in expensive gymnasiums, drive only the best automobiles, and buy only certain brands of products for our families to consume. The media constantly inundates our subconscious with messages that instruct us how to behave, what to say, and gives directions on what is necessary to be accepted in the elite privileged society that we perceive to be the American dream. This is the education we get from the world around us. Where has this propaganda come from? Why are we not able to see the forest for the trees? Why do we accept all that is handed to us without questioning the motives? We have been led to believe that â€Å"they† are always right. We have been taught to fear our own judgment, to accept life without question. Such programming begins at birth, is exemplified by our elementary education, and snowballs as we continue to learn. We are a society of sheep, waiting for slaughter. Paulo Freire describes this kind of education in his essay â€Å"The Banking Concept of Education† as: Education thus becomes an act of depositing, in which the students are the depositories, and the teacher is the depositor. Instead of communicating, the teacher issues communiquà ©s and makes deposits which the students patiently receive, memorize, and repeat. This is the â€Å"banking† concept of education, in which the scope of action allowed to the students extends only as far as receiving, filing, and storing the deposits. (349) Schooling in American society has become a process of transferring a pre-arranged amount of information to our children. It begins around age five and continues through the late teens, or until the students have successfully completed the courses required of them. Teachers force-feed a curriculum determined by the state, the county school board, and the school itself.

Art History Final

They have manipulated our opinion, reactions, and even likeness of art. They defined who the great artists are and through their judgments they have even cited the value of art. But unfortunately for them, post-modern art has dethroned critics with the use of humor, wit, and scale of impact in their art. Post-modern art rejects the idea Of beauty and truth and reveals the value Of irony. Artists such as Marcel Decamp, who created the Fountain, or Mark Tansy, shock, mock, and force the viewers to rethink the meaning of art. The reader/viewer must create a whole new context in which to hold the art, one which may truly challenge his belief structures, one which may force him, to make sense of what he is seeing, to hold a larger perspective than he errantly has in place. † 1 And this applies to the critic as well. His opinion can no longer be valued as before because this kind of art no longer has a meaning and its interpretation no longer matters. Its importance lies on the impac t and sensation of its viewers. Art becomes then a participatory experience, one in which the audience receives, and handles as they may, the flows of libidinal energies which the artist set free. † 2 The control the words Of critics had over art is gone and viewers are able to let their unconscious decide what art is. Nothing can better explain the place of the critic with this ewe art as Roland Breather's essay title does: post-modern art has brought â€Å"The Death of the Author. † In his essay Farther explains how in literature the identity of the author no longer has any importance. Nonperformance† may be admired, but not his â€Å"genius† The author. 3 By giving the power to the literature rather than to the writer itself, he is giving the power to the piece of art and not to the critic as it has always been. As explained earlier, the opinion of the critic was impeding us from reaching our own conclusions on art. But by denying beauty in art and intro ducing something as absurd as a urinal, post-modern artists â€Å"refused to assign [art] a â€Å"secret† that is, an ultimate meaning,†4 that a critic can easily identify or criticize, and instead, â€Å"liberates an activity† where each viewer can have their own reflections on the piece.In my essay I am giving the role of the author in Farther essay, to both the critic and the artist. Nevertheless, I am assigning the part of the modern author to the artist, and its opposite to the critic. Before, the importance was given to the author, he was recognized, in other words, the critic was recognized. But now, â€Å"language knows a subject, not a person. 5 And from my point of view I interpret this statement as meaning that the person, in other words the critic, does not matter anymore, the art does, the subject.Of course the critic will still be a critic and give their opinion, rank a piece of art, and judges it as well. But this time they cannot use an absolute standard of arbitration. By not being able to judge the way they used to, they assert Farther point, that ‘the explanation of the work is always sought in the man who has produced and for me this man he speaks about could only be the artist himself. Clement Greenberg, Harold Rosenberg, and Roseland Krause have been incredibly influential in the history of art. Greenberg championed and was the first to appreciate the achievements of abstract art.Rosenberg was also a supporter of the abstract expressionists and proved the importance of the happenings and performance art. Krause introduced a new approach that focused on aesthetics that apprehend cultural and historical issues. While I have criticized them in my essay shall also embrace their intellectual knowledge on the subject of art and its importance in society as well as history. Nevertheless, â€Å"the birth of the reader must be ransomed by the death of the author. 7 The public should continue to take in and learn from t hese figures opinions. Nevertheless, we cannot take what they say too literal.We must understand that they are critics, they are â€Å"a person who judges the merits of literary, artistic, or musical work. â€Å"8 They judge but they do not define art. Challenges to the Status Quo Art has deliberately hidden the figure of women and their work in society. There have been great women artists, but have not been recognized as such and valued by posterity. Many paintings by women were initially credited to males, suggesting that there is no objective difference between art made by omen or men, but when it is verified that the author is a woman, the economic and symbolic value of the work decreases immensely.Even today, there are works by women that are not attributed to the real author because the fact that they are women would reduce the price of the work considerably. As Linda Gnocchi explains in her essay, ‘Why Have There Been no Great Women Artists,† the answer to this question â€Å"lies not in the nature of individual genius or the lack of it, but in the nature of given social institutions and what they forbid or encourage in various classes or groups of individuals. Women have a long experience in the fields of art and culture, their contributions have always been present, although in many cases the concept of â€Å"respect† has not been applied to them in the same way as their male counterparts. They have always been relegated to a second plane. Being a woman and artist has often been seen as an injurious occupation and inconsistent, while it has been traditionally reserved the epithet of genius for men. Women have to live in a society which has not ceased to be sexist, in a culture where women are still thought of as an inferior place and lacking retain rights.And this, as Gnocchi explains, does not apply to art only. In her article she gives us the example of the great artist, Rosa Bonjour. Now a day if women become the CEO of a comp any, an architect, or a policeman, they would be categorized the same way Bonjour was: a tomboy, a woman with a desire to be more masculine, or selfish. Yet if men â€Å"have a need for feminine involvement,† 10 as Gnocchi puts it, the jobs such as pediatricians, child psychologists, or chef, are admired rather than frowned upon. In her essay Gnocchi explains the disadvantages women had in art education that led to he lack of great women artists.Some examples were the restriction put on them to participate in classes with nude models or be a part of several contests. Nevertheless, today those restrictions no longer apply but the lack of ‘great women' still persists. Society and history is to blame for this. Now, as John Stuart Mill points out and Gnocchi quotes in her essay, â€Å"everything which is usual appears natural. The subjection of women to men being a universal custom, any departure from it quite naturally appears unnatural. † 1 1 We have progressed as a society and we have reached equality in many areas.However, sexism as well as racism seems it will never cease to exist because they are distinctions we consider natural. In her article Gnocchi writes about how her question can or has been answered incorrectly. Afraid to be included in the category of incorrect answers, I would like to put my life as a perspective instead and show how the views of today's society regarding the sexes are clearly defined. From a very young age had a nanny, who as many would expect was a women because caring for children, cooking, and cleaning is a role usually given to a women if in a household.A man drove me to school every morning and generally anyone who drove that was not a family member was in fact usually a man. I remember the habitual comment that ‘women do not know how to drive. ‘ When I arrived to school there were five male security guards, and my teachers all the way from pre-kinder to about sixth grade were women. Society wou ld see this as correct because security guards are there to protect and men being stronger than women means they can do a better job.And the reason why all my teachers at a young age were women is because we are still young, I do not receive a grade but simply mille faces, stickers, or a ‘good job' in its place, and I need a mother figure at all times. High school was not much different. I started to get grades and was considered a grown-up, so men began being my teachers as well. Physical education, however, was still separated by sex, including the teacher, because â€Å"boys are more aggressive and they can hurt girls. † Now I arrive at Washington and Lee University.An Ivy League education in a beautiful campus with amazing professor, but, a place where it is believed that women only come here to get their MRS. degree. A joke that has been around since he university became co-educational back in the ass's, saying that women only come here to look for a husband. At th is point Gnocchi will probably consider me a feminist, but I am simply showing a perspective from someone that is in her twenties in the 21 SST century and can still clearly separate the roles of men and women as expected in the realm of our society that we claim has improved and changed.My life is only one perspective and many might not have had the same experience did, but it does support what Gnocchi repeatedly states in her essay. Quote Incision's words once more: the question of women's equality-?in art as in any other realm-?devolves not upon the relative benevolence or ill-will of individual men, nor the self- confidence or abjectness of individual women, but rather on the very nature of our institutional structures themselves and the view of reality which they impose on the human beings who are part of them. 12 This also includes the educational system today. Gnocchi makes one more important argument in her article. She explains that when it comes to art what needs to change is the way its history is taught. Lucy R. Leopard supports this argument in her article, Too Political? Forget It,† when lists the amount of information on art that has most times not been taught, and how it IS â€Å"No wonder activist and community art, always a stepchild, is slow to evolve. 13 The statement that ‘there have been no great women artists' can be justified, but it does not mean it is correct. Women as well as other minorities have been deprived from being a ‘genius', a term that is unreal but largely used for men, due to their social conditions and deprivation of an education. But the only way to transform this lack of recognition is to stop listing excuses, or have minorities keep aerating themselves as such and change the unnatural to natural in society. Artistic expression comes from the spirit, not the body type you have or hormones. The language of art is, more materially, embodied in paint and line on canvas or paper, in stone or clay or plas tic or metal-it is neither a sob story nor a confidential whisper. â€Å"14 The Courage to Break Grounds For many years there have been many instances where artists have held public events to raise social and political issues, yet many of which are not on record. While artists know that when choosing this career path it will not be ass, especially economically, they risk their commodities for their passion. Nevertheless, this does not mean that they do not want recognition. If they are primarily concerned with audiences who will never write, curate, collect or fund art, they run the risk of being forgotten before they are even acknowledged . â€Å"15 A reason why political artists mostly limit their work to galleries, and this is a problem that must be fixed. However, I do not believe that political artists who only care about this acknowledgement truly care about making political art. In galleries the artwork will always first be seen as esthetics and subject to be rated and crit icized by its artistic aspects rather than the subject matter and message it is trying to pass on.Political art is that which addresses public concern and takes a stand on an issue. It is a way to speak for those who wont and to open the eyes of those who cannot or resist viewing reality. It is also meant to support or represent those that cannot do it on their own. Most importantly it is supposed to change minds. Political art is not meant to be hidden by the walls of galleries and museums and constrained to the eyes of critics and elitists. It is meant for society to see as ell as to learn and experience what is being fought for Or sometimes encouraged.Nevertheless, politics is a sensitive subject. While I do believe it should be out for everyone to view, certain aspects of the viewer can affect the intended message of the artist, making it difficult to completely object the idea that such an important subject matter should have viewers with certain capacities of understanding. Th e real answer as to whether or not political art should be presented in public venues, even if it is protected by the first amendment to do so, lies on how it might impact the observers.